Commander Charles Herbert Lightoller was the Second Officer on board the RMS Titanic, and the most senior officer to survive the disaster. Lightoller was decorated for gallantry as a naval officer in World War I and later, in retirement, further distinguished himself in World War II by providing and sailing one of the "little ships" during the perilous Dunkirk evacuation.
Biography
Early Maritime Career
Charles Herbert Lightoller was born in Chorley, Lancashire, England on 30 March 1874. His mother, Sarah Lightoller, died shortly after giving birth to him. He was born into a cotton family who owned the Lightoller mill in Chorley. His father, Fred Lightoller, abandoned young Charles and left for New Zealand. Not wanting to end up with a factory job like most of Britain's youth at the time, at the age of 13 young Charles began a four-year seafaring apprenticeship on board the Primrose Hill. On his second voyage, he set sail with the crew of the Holt Hill. During a storm in the South Atlantic, the ship was forced to put in at Rio de Janeiro—in the midst of a small pox epidemic and revolution — where repairs were made. Another storm on 13 November 1889 in the Indian Ocean caused the ship to run aground on an uninhabited, four- and-a-half-square-mile island now called Île Saint-Paul. They were rescued by the Coorong and taken to Adelaide, Australia. Lightoller joined the crew of the clipper ship Duke of Abercorn for his return to England.
Lightoller returned to the Primrose Hill for his third voyage. They arrived in Calcutta, India, where he passed his second mate's certificate. The cargo of coal caught fire while he was serving as third mate on board the windjammer Knight of St. Michael, and for his successful efforts in fighting the fire and saving the ship, Lightoller was promoted to second mate.
In 1895, at the age of 21 and a veteran of the dangers at sea, he obtained his mate's ticket and left sailing ships for steamships. After three years of service in Elder Dempster's African Royal Mail Service on the West African coast, he nearly died from a heavy bout of malaria.
Lightoller went to the Yukon in 1898, abandoning the sea, to prospect for gold in the Klondike Gold Rush. Failing at this endeavour, he then became a cowboy in Alberta, Canada. He became a hobo in order to return home, riding the rails back across Canada. He worked as a cattle wrangler on a cattle boat for his passage back to England. In 1899, he arrived home penniless. He obtained his master's certificate and joined Greenshields and Cowie for whom he made another trip on a cattle boat, this time as third mate of the Knight Companion. In January 1900, he began his career with the White Star Line as fourth officer of the Medic.
Fort Denison Incident
Whilst on the Medic, on a voyage from Britain to South Africa and Australia, Lightoller was reprimanded for a prank he and some shipmates played on the citizens of Sydney at Fort Denison in Sydney Harbor. In 1900, the Boer War was raging in full fury in distant South Africa where Australian troops fought alongside British, the first war the newly federated country had taken part in. As a result passions were high when the White Star Line's Medic sailed into Sydney Harbour and dropped anchor in Neutral Bay. Spending time ashore with shipmates the young sailor was amazed by the depth of concern expressed by locals concerning the South African conflict, so he decided to have some fun at their expense. In the early hours of the morning, Lightoller — accompanied by four midshipmen — quietly rowed in pre-dawn darkness to the fortress and climbed its tower. They hoisted a makeshift Boer flag from its lightning conductor before loading a cannon with 14 lb (6.4 kg) of blasting powder, added white cotton waste, and poured in some fine-grain powder before lighting a 50 ft (15 m) fuse and quickly making their escape back to the Medic to watch the spectacle from its decks.
Lightoller's plan was to fool locals into believing a Boer raiding party was attacking Sydney and had captured Fort Denison. When the heavy gun went off, the resounding bang blew out windows and woke people living around the harbour who leapt from beds to windows to see what was happening, finding a Boer flag fluttering in the dawn breeze and panicking. Unfortunately for Lightoller, passengers on the Medic had seen him and his party sneaking off the ship and back on board prior to the incident, as had night-watch sailors aboard other vessels anchored in the vicinity. Police and port authorities were soon on deck questioning the crew. Sydney at the turn of the century was a conservative city and its citizenry was extremely hostile to the prank carried out by the visiting sailors.
The White Star Line was forced to pay damages and apologize to the city as the local press bayed for the blood of those responsible. Officers and crew of the Medic thought Lightoller's career was over, that he would be dismissed, but the fact that he took the blame and would not divulge the names of others who had taken part in the prank went in his favour. His superiors also tacitly appreciated the humour in his escapade — he was reprimanded and passed over for promotion before the Medic quietly left Sydney Harbour and the controversy behind it.
He later joined the Majestic under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith in the Atlantic Ocean. From there, he was promoted to Third Officer on the RMS Oceanic, the flagship of the White Star Line. He moved back to the Majestic as First Mate and then back to the Oceanic as its First Mate.
Titanic
Two weeks before her fateful maiden voyage, the 38-year old Lightoller boarded the RMS Titanic in Belfast and acted as first officer for the sea trials. Captain Smith gave Henry Wilde, of the Olympic, the post of chief officer, demoting the original appointee William McMaster Murdoch to first officer and Lightoller to second officer. The original second officer, David Blair, was excluded from the voyage altogether, while the ship's roster of junior officers remained unchanged. Blair's departure from the crew caused a problem as he had the key to the ship's binoculars. Because the crew lacked access to binoculars, Lightoller promised to purchase them when the Titanic got to New York.
Sinking
On the night of 14 April, 1912, Lightoller commanded the last bridge watch prior to the ship's collision with an iceberg before being relieved by Murdoch. Lightoller had retired to his cabin and was preparing for bed when he felt the collision occur. Wearing only his pajamas, Lightoller hurried out on deck to see what had happened but after seeing nothing retired back to his cabin. Figuring it would be better to remain where other officers knew where to find him if they needed him, he lay awake in his bunk until Fourth Officer Boxhall summoned him to the bridge. He pulled on trousers and a navy-blue sweater over his pajamas and also donned (along with socks and shoes) his officer's overcoat and hat. Once the fate of the ship became clear, Lightoller immediately went to work assisting in the evacuation of the passengers into the lifeboats.
Lightoller was notably stricter than some of the other officers in observing the rule of 'Women and children first', interpreting it almost to the point of "women and children only". Lightoller took charge of lowering the lifeboats on the port side of the Titanic. In this connection, his last action was an attempt to launch Collapsible B, a smaller Englehardt lifeboat with canvas sides that was stowed atop the officers' quarters on the hurricane deck, on the port side. He went to the starboard side to help Murdoch in lauching Collapsible A and it was there that Lightoller saw Captain Smith locking himself up in the wheelhouse, preparing to go down with the ship. Lightoller saw Murdoch attempting to free Collapsible A when a huge wave washed the boat off the deck sweeping Murdoch into the water. That was the last time Lightoller saw of the First Officer.
As the ship sank, seawater washed over the entire bow, producing a large wave that rolled aft along the boat deck. Seeing crowds of people run away from the rising water and the collapsible boat washing away, Lightoller decided he could do no more, and let himself get washed into the water. He spotted the ship's crow's nest, now level with the water, and started to swim towards it as a place of safety before he realized he might die because that it was safer to stay clear of the foundering vessel. But before he could do that, he was sucked under by water being sucked into the ship through the ventilation turret behind the bridge and down into the Boiler Rooms, and held against the flimsy grating for about ten seconds and as he was letting go of life, the suction gave way and he was released. He came to the surface and was pulled down again against another grating. Finally, a stream of warm air came out of the grating and blew him back to the surface. He then realized he could not swim properly because of the weight of the webley revolver he was carrying in his coat pocket so he immediately discarded it. Following this, he saw Collapsible B floating upside down with several swimmers hanging on to it. He swam to it and held himself to it by a rope at the front. Then the Titanic's First Smokestack broke free and hit the water, washing the collapsible further away from the sinking ship.
Lightoller climbed onto Collapsible B and took charge, calming and organizing the survivors (numbering around thirty) on the overturned lifeboat. He led them in yelling in unison "Boat ahoy!" but with no success. During the night, a swell arose and Lightoller taught the men to shift their weight with the swells to prevent the craft from being swamped. If not for this, they would have been thrown into the freezing water again. At his direction, the men kept this up for hours. As dawn broke and it became possible for those in other lifeboats to see them, Lightoller used his officer's whistle to attract the other lifeboats' attention; eventually lifeboats Nos. 4 and 12 rowed over and rescued the survivors of the overturned lifeboat. Upon the arrival of the rescue ship RMS Carpathia, Lightoller helped survivors from the lifeboats to the Carpathia was the last survivor taken aboard. After the sinking, Lightoller published a testimony in the Christian Science Journal crediting God with his surviving.
Recommendations at Inquiries
As the senior surviving officer, Lightoller was a key witness at both the American and British inquiries. He blamed the accident on the sea's being the calmest that night that he had ever seen in his life and on the floating icebergs' giving no tell-tale early-warning signs of breaking white water at their bases. He deftly defended his employer, the White Star Line, despite hints of excessive speed, a lack of binoculars in the crow's nest, and the plain recklessness of traveling through an ice field on a calm night when all other ships in the vicinity thought it wiser to heave to until morning. Lightoller was also able to help channel public outcry over the incident into positive change, as many of his recommendations for avoiding such accidents in the future were adopted by maritime nations. Basing lifeboat capacity on numbers of passengers and crew instead of ship tonnage, conducting lifeboat drills so passengers know where their lifeboats are and crew know how to operate them, instituting manned 24-hour wireless (radio) communications in all passenger ships, and requiring mandatory transmissions of ice warnings to ships were some of his recommendations made at the inquiries and acted on by the Board of Trade, its successor agencies, and their equivalents in other maritime nations.
Post Titanic Disaster
First World War
Lightoller returned to duty with White Star Line, serving as a mate on RMS Oceanic. At the outbreak of World War I, as an officer in the Royal Naval Reserve, he was called up for duty with the Royal Navy, first serving as a Lieutenant on Oceanic, which had been converted to an armed merchant cruiser, HMS Oceanic. In 1915, he served as the first officer during the trials of another former passenger liner, RMS Campania, which had just been converted into the Navy's first aircraft carrier. In late 1915, he was given his own command, the torpedo boat HMTB 117. Whilst captain of HMTB 117 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for engaging Zeppelin L31. This action also resulted in his being appointed captain of HMS Falcon, a C class Torpedo Boat Destroyer. HMS Falcon was sunk on 1 April 1918 after a collision, in fog, with the trawler, John Fitzgerald, while both ships were acting as escorts to a convoy in the North Sea. Lightoller was subsequently given command of the destroyer HMS Garry and was awarded a bar to the Distinguished Service Cross for sinking, by ramming, the German U-Boat UB110. He finished the war with the rank of Lieutenant-Commander.
Retirement
After the war, despite loyal service to White Star Line and faithfully defending his employers at Titanic inquiries, Lightoller soon found opportunities for advancement within the line were no longer available. All surviving crewmembers would find that being associated with Titanic was a black mark from which they could not hope to escape. A disillusioned Lightoller resigned shortly thereafter, taking such odd jobs as an innkeeper, chicken farmer and later property speculation, at which he and his wife had some success. During the early thirties he wrote his autobiography, Titanic and Other Ships which he dedicated to his "persistent wife, who made me do it." This book, after a few problems, was quite popular and began to sell well. However, it was pulled from the shelves when the Marconi Company threatened a lawsuit, due to a comment by Lightoller regarding the Titanic disaster, and the role of the Marconi operators. The retired Lightoller did not turn his back on sailing altogether, however, as he eventually purchased his own private motor yacht, which his wife, Sylvia, named Sundowner, an Australian term meaning "wanderer", and which he later used to help rescue soldiers during the Dunkirk evacuation. The boat is now preserved by Ramsgate Maritime Museum. After the Second World War, Lightoller managed a small boatyard called Richmond Slipways in London, which built motor launches for the river police.
Death
Lightoller died December 8th, 1952, aged 78, of chronic heart disease. A life-long pipe smoker, Lightoller was living in London during that city's Great Smog of 1952 when he died from complications of his illness. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at Mortlake Crematorium in Richmond, London, England.
Portrayals
Lightoller is an important officer for portrayals in popular culture, being the officer who pushed the rule 'Women and children first' further than any other officer.
Titanic (1953)
Charles Lightoller was portrayed by Edmund Purdom in 'Titanic' (1953). He is an important character but it is shown he is largely fiction as he goes down in the sinking.
A Night to Remember (Kraft Television Theatre)
In The Kraft Televison Theatre's adaption of 'A Night to Remember', Charles Lightoller was portrayed by Neil North
A Night to Remember (1958)
In A Night to Remember, he was portrayed by Kenneth Moore.
He and his wife first are seen on a train at the start of the film. Then, they talk before he leaves for the ship.
On April 10th, Lightoller is on the bridge with Smith, Murdoch, Wilde, Andrews, and Ismay.
On April 14th, he is on watch from 8 P.M to 10 P.M. He chats with Captain Smith, who has come back from dinner, before retiring for the night. He then turns watch over to Murdoch at 10 P.M, before mingling with passengers in the Reception Room.
Lightoller sleeps through the impact, but is woken up when the funnels release steam from the boiler room. He heads to the bridge where the officers await Captain Smith's return. When Smith does return, he has anything but good news. Lightoller is ordered to have the lifeboats uncovered and swung out, with the assistance of Moody, Ismay, and the seamen.
He is seen lowering a large number of lifeboats (some of which were actually lowered by other officers) and refuses to let men into the boats, ordering only women and children in, leading to couples being separated. He even refuses to let a boy in because he is tall, but gives in when his father says that he's only 13 years old. As the sinking progresses, more and more people panic, and firearms are given to the officers.
When only the two collapsible lifeboats remain, Lightoller and the remaining seamen attempt to free them, but the water washes up on deck. Lightoller nearly is killed by a falling funnel, but finds his way to the upturned Collapsible B, and takes charge.
The men on the upturned boat are eventually rescued by another lifeboat, and are rescued by the RMS Carpathia early in the morning. Lightoller attends a memorial service held onboard and is last seen with Captain Rostron on the Carpathia's bridge.
S.O.S Titanic (1979)
Charles Lightoller was portrayed by Malcolm Stoddard. His appearances are on bridge and Collapsible B
Titanic (1996) Miniseries
Charles Lightoller was portrayed by Kevin McNulty in 1996 Titanic Miniseries, who ironically looks almost like the real Lightoller. He also orders the dead body of John George Phillips to be left off the boat, however it is unclear if Philips was on Collapsible B, he and others claimed it but his Philips cause is unknown.
Titanic (1997)
In the 1997 film, he was portrayed by Jonathan Phillips. The film depicts Lightoller informing Captain Smith that it will be difficult to see icebergs without breaking water. He is seen brandishing a gun and threatening to use it to keep order. He can be seen clinging onto Collapsible B when the first funnel collapses. In a deleted scene after the sinking, he can be seen on Collapsible B.
Titanic (2012) Miniseries
In the 2012 miniseries, Lightoller is portrayed by Steven Waddington. The miniseries was the first to show that Lightoller was originally the First Officer of the Titanic, before Wilde came on board to be the new Chief Officer with Murdoch as First Officer, Lightoller Second Officer, and the original Second Officer David Blair being forced to disembark.
On boarding day, he is checking the supplies when he hears Fifth Officer Lowe in a discussion with fireman Mario Sandrini. Lightoller asks Third Officer Pitman to take over the supplies while Lightoller solves the issue with Sandrini. Mario says his brother, Paolo, would like to replace an absent steward in the First Class Dining Saloon. Lightoller agrees and Paolo Sandrini thanks him.
Lowe and Lightoller take a walk outside, where they see a passenger who looks like the wandering prophet. [1]
That Sunday, Lightoller hands out papers for the Anglican church meeting in First Class with passengers of other classes. He hands a paper to Mary Maloney and Peter Lubov. [2][1]
When Lord Manton asks Lightoller how to get into Second Class, he shows him the way. [3]
Later, he sees Seaman Scott trying to prevent Barnes from entering steerage. Barnes tells Lightoller that Miss Watson is down there and he needs to find her. Lightoller lets Barnes through and suggests to Scott to only hold back passengers who are trying to get out of steerage.
When he sees Barnes again, he found miss Watson. Lightoller remarks she looks badly, but Barnes assures him she's merely seasick.[2]
During the sinking, Lightoller is seen a few times, portrayed as having been awakened by the collision and having dressed in his uniform, with his unbuttoned jacket over a White Star Line jersey. He is also shown lowering several lifeboats. [3][2][1]
After the ship sinks, he is shown getting onto the upside down Collapsible B, and then later in another lifeboat, speaking to Lowe as Carpathia's rockets come into view.[4]
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Titanic (2012 Miniseries), Episode 3 No Way Out
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Titanic (2012 Miniseries), Episode 2 Second and Third Class
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Titanic (2012 Miniseries), Episode 1 First Class
- ↑ Titanic (2012 Miniseries), Episode 4 The Sinking
External Links
Sources
- Charles Lightoller at Wikipedia.
- Commander Lightoller gives his version of events on the fateful night in April 1912. First broadcast in 1936.